Application Notes:
As this product is derived from a natural source, there may be variations in the sphingoid backbone.
This deuterated ganglioside is ideal for the identification of gangliosides in samples and biological systems using mass
spectrometry.1 Gangliosides2 are acidic glycosphingolipids that form lipid rafts in the outer leaflet of the cell plasma
membrane, especially in neuronal cells in the central nervous system.3 They participate in cellular proliferation,
differentiation, adhesion, signal transduction, cell-to-cell interactions, tumorigenesis, and metastasis.4 The accumulation of
gangliosides has been linked to several diseases including Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease. GM3 is the main ganglioside of
human fibroblasts and can regulate fibroblast and epidermal growth factors5 and is also able to regulate the adhesion and
migration of several carcinoma cell lines. GM3 was also shown to inhibit tumor cell invasion. GM3 can induce human
promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells to differentiate to monocyte/macrophage lineage instead of granulocytes.6
References:
1. J. Gu, C. Tifft and S. Soldin “Simultaneous quantification of GM1 and GM2 gangliosides by isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry” Clinical
Biochemistry, Vol. 41(6) pp. 413-417, 2008
2. L. Svennerholm, et al. (eds.), Structure and Function of Gangliosides, New York, Plenum, 1980
3. T. Kolter, R. Proia, K. Sandhoff “Combinatorial Ganglioside Biosynthesis” J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277:29, pp. 25859-25862, 2002
4. S. Birkle, G. Zeng, L. Gao, R. K. Yu, and J. Aubry “Role of tumor-associated gangliosides in cancer progression” Biochimie, Vol. 85 pp. 455–463, 2003
5. E. G. Bremer, J. Schlessinger, and S. Hakomori “Ganglioside-mediated modulation of cell growth. Specific effects of GM3 on tyrosine phosphorylation of
the epidermal growth factor receptor” J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 261 pp. 2434–2440, 1986
6. T. Chung, H. Choi, Y. Lee, and C. Kim “Molecular mechanism for transcriptional activation of ganglioside GM3 synthase and its function in
differentiation of HL-60 cells” Glycobiology, Vol. 15:3, pp. 233-244, 2004